Fire effects on soil organic matter content, composition, and nutrients in boreal interior Alaska
نویسندگان
چکیده
Boreal ecosystems contain a substantial fraction of the earth’s soil carbon stores and are prone to frequent and severe wildfires. In this study, we examine changes in element and organic matter stocks due to a 1999 wildfire in Alaska. One year after the wildfire, burned soils contained between 1071 and 1420 g/m2 less carbon than unburned soils. Burned soils had lower nitrogen than unburned soils, higher calcium, and nearly unchanged potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus stocks. Burned surface soils tended to have higher concentrations of noncombustible elements such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus compared with unburned soils. Combustion losses of carbon were mostly limited to surface dead moss and fibric horizons, with no change in the underlying mineral horizons. Burning caused significant changes in soil organic matter structure, with a 12% higher ratio of carbon to combustible organic matter in surface burned horizons compared with unburned horizons. Pyrolysis gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy also shows preferential volatilization of polysaccharide-derived organic matter and enrichment of ligninand lipid-derived compounds in surface soils. The chemistry of deeper soil layers in burned and unburned sites was similar, suggesting that immediate fire impacts were restricted to the surface soil horizon. Résumé : Les écosystèmes boréaux dont les sols renferment une partie importante des réserves de carbone de la terre sont sujets à des incendies fréquents et sévères. Dans cette étude, nous examinons les changements dans les stocks d’éléments nutritifs et de matière organique dus à un feu survenu en 1999 en Alaska. Un an après le feu, les sols brûlés contenaient de 1071 à 1420 g/m2 moins de carbone que les sols non brûlés. Les sols brûlés contenaient moins d’azote que les sols non brûlés, plus de calcium et des quantités similaires de potassium, magnésium et phosophore. En surface, les sols brûlés avaient tendance à avoir de plus fortes concentrations d’éléments non combustibles tels calcium, potassium, magnésium et phosphore que les sols non brûlés. Les pertes de carbone par combustion étaient surtout limitées aux mousses mortes et aux horizons fibriques en surface; il n’y avait aucun changement dans les horizons minéraux sous la surface. Le feu a entraîné des changements importants dans la structure de la matière organique du sol dont le rapport de carbone sur la matière organique combustible était 12 % plus élevé dans les horizons de surface brûlés que dans les horizons non brûlés. La chromatographie pyrolytique et la spectrométrie de masse montrent aussi que les polysaccharides dérivés de la matière organique sont volatilisés de façon préférentielle et que les horizons situés à la surface du sol s’enrichissent en composés dérivés de la lignine et des lipides. Les caractéristiques chimiques des horizons plus profonds du sol sont semblables dans les sites brûlés et non brûlés indiquant que les impacts immédiats du feu sont limités aux horizons situés à la surface du sol. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Neff et al. 2187
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